Alla fine dell’arduo percorso nel Purgatorio Dante deve attraversare un muro di fuoco e solo il pensiero che al di là ci sarà Beatrice ad attenderlo gli dà il coraggio di buttarsi nelle fiamme. Ma l’incontro con la donna amata è molto diverso da come il lettore si aspetta. Eppure, se Dante è uscito dalla selva oscura lo deve proprio a lei: è lei che, creatura celeste, non ha avuto timore di recarsi all’Inferno per supplicare Virgilio di aiutare il suo amato Dante. E Dante, ormai fuori dal Purgatorio, purificato dai suoi peccati non vede l’ora di incontrare la donna che amava perdutamente da quando (entrambi fanciulli di nove anni) , l’aveva incontrata per le vie di Firenze. Quando Dante compie il suo viaggio nell’aldilà, Beatrice è morta da cinque anni, ma l’amore per lei non è diminuito. Beatrice, lasciato l’Empireo per la seconda volta, lo attende nel Paradiso terrestre, che si trova sulla sommità del monte del Purgatorio, per fargli da guida nella terza parte del viaggio (Virgilio è pur sempre una creatura infernale e non può salire in Paradiso). Non si può dire che la scenografia dell’incontro sia all’insegna della semplicità: Beatrice appare a Dante su un carro trionfale che rappresenta la Chiesa, al centro di una processione mistica solenne e fastosa, in mezzo ad una nuvola di fiori lanciati in aria dagli angeli.
Purgatorio ( XXX, vv. 28-33)
…così dentro una nuvola di fiori
che da le mani angeliche saliva
e ricadeva in giù dentro e di fori,sovra candido vel cinta d’uliva
donna m’apparve, sotto verde manto
vestita di color di fiamma viva.
Non c’entra la bandiera italiana: il rosso dell’abito, il verde del mantello, il bianco del velo rappresentano le virtù teologali: rispettivamente carità, speranza e fede.
Anche se il volto è velato Dante sa che è lei: la potenza dell’amore è immutata e travolge Dante, che, come accadeva nella Vita Nuova, comincia a tremare.
Purgatorio ( XXX, vv. 34-39)
E lo spirito mio, che già cotanto
tempo era stato ch’a la sua presenza
non era di stupor, tremando, affranto,sanza de li occhi aver più conoscenza,
per occulta virtù che da lei mosse,
d’antico amor sentì la gran potenza.
Ma Beatrice non si dimostra affatto amorevole. Dall’alto del carro si rivolge a Dante con asprezza (Dante la paragona ad un ammiraglio che impartisce ordini alla ciurma ) e gli chiede brutalmente cosa è venuto a fare
Purgatorio ( XXX, 73-75)
«Guardaci ben! Ben son, ben son Beatrice.
Come degnasti d’accedere al monte?
non sapei tu che qui è l’uom felice?».
Il povero Dante è annichilito, cerca il conforto di Virgilio, ma il suo maestro è sparito. Sopraffatto dalla vergogna abbassa gli occhi, anche gli angeli provano pietà per lui. Ma Beatrice superba non si commuove. Non si degna neanche di rivolgergli la parola, ma esprime la sua indignazione agli angeli, perchè il rimprovero sia ancora più duro.
Purgatorio ( XXX, vv. 121-135)
<…Alcun tempo il sostenni col mio volto:
mostrando li occhi giovanetti a lui,
meco il menava in dritta parte vòlto.Sì tosto come in su la soglia fui
di mia seconda etade e mutai vita,
questi si tolse a me, e diessi altrui.Quando di carne a spirto era salita,
e bellezza e virtù cresciuta m’era,
fu’ io a lui men cara e men gradita;e volse i passi suoi per via non vera,
imagini di ben seguendo false,
che nulla promession rendono intera.Né l’impetrare ispirazion mi valse,
con le quali e in sogno e altrimenti
lo rivocai: sì poco a lui ne calse!>
Ecco il motivo della sfuriata: finchè lei era in vita i suoi occhi guidavano Dante verso il bene. Ma appena muore, o, per dirla meglio, passa alla seconda e vera vita, divenendo ancora più bella e virtuosa , Dante la ama di meno, cerca altri piaceri e neppure le apparizioni di lei in sogno sono sufficienti a richiamarlo sulla diritta via. Anzi, in pochi anni, si ritrova in quella selva oscura da cui potrà uscire solo con il suo aiuto. Ma in cosa consiste il tradimento di Dante? Il grande poeta, negli ultimi anni prima dell’esilio, si era dato con gli amici della sua brigata (oggi diremmo compagnia) ai piaceri della vita, aveva frequentato osterie e prostitute, non era rimasto indifferente al fascino di altre donne, come ci racconta lui stesso nelle Rime
Ma Beatrice non è una donna qualsiasi, rappresenta anche la Teologia, cioè la via razionale verso la comprensione e la conoscenza di Dio. Per noi moderni non è un concetto facile da capire. Questo spiega perché l’amore per Beatrice non possa mai essere una passione colpevole, che distoglie dall’amore per Dio, come lo era, secondo Dante, l’amore cantato dagli altri poeti stilnovisti, come Guinizzelli, che nelle loro liriche avevano celebrato una donna, bella e virtuosa come un angelo, ma pur sempre una donna terrena. Amare Beatrice è amare Dio. Ma Dante, sempre negli stessi anni, si era interessato a filosofie (in particolare l’ interpretazione di Aristotele del grande filosofo arabo Averroè) che negavano la sopravvivenza dell’anima individuale dopo la morte. Insomma Beatrice è stata tradita due volte: come donna e come teologia, e la durezza del suo atteggiamento deve muovere Dante a un sincero pentimento.
L’opinione sulla questione della moglie legittima di Dante, Gemma Donati, non è pervenuta.
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